Euro 4 Compliance for Diesels - Dude - {P}

Does anyone know what engine modifications were involved for an engine to comply with Euro 4 emission requirements.???

I know particulate filters were introduced , but were other mods also require to meet the stricter emissions???
Euro 4 Compliance for Diesels - rtj70
Not all diesels needed particulate filters to comply with Euro Stage IV emissions. The Mondeo TDCi was available as a stage 3 and 4 - I got a stage 4 one.

Comparing the two, the Euro stage 4 engine produces more CO2, but obviously less NOx aand particulates nd uses a little more diesel. I assume it's using more diesel (hence more CO2) to better burn off the NOx gases and reduce particulates.