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These are estimates of the effects of airborne particulates from all anthropogenic sources. This includes brake dust and tyre debris (and of course non-vehicular sources).
A lazy assumption often made by statisticians is that diesels generally produce more particulate matter by mass in their exhaust emissions (DPF notwithstanding) then they must be the bulk contributor to airborne PM2.5.
It is the evolution of the particles once they leave the exhaust pipe that matters, not the mass of the particulates in the exhaust stream.
DI petrols can often emit larger numbers of particulates than modern diesels although the total mass of the particles is initially small.
Particulates grow in size by absorbing hydrocarbons in the atmosphere-the presence of which is largely due to petrols.
Modern petrols with stop-start and direct injection exacerbate this problem, whereas modern diesels alleviate the problem with particulate traps.
These nuances are often missed by statisticians and policy wonks.
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