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A clogged air filter won't make any difference on an injected car as far as emissions go.
If the lambda sensor is dirty or faulty, it'll crop up in your emissions test since lambda is estimated by the gas analyser.
There's no "excess fuel in the cylinders". If there was you'd have an HC problem as well as a CO probem. High CO with everything else ok points to a tired catalytic converter. The precious metals become sintered into the washcoat with age and the conversion efficiency drops.
The only 'bodge' is get the exhaust system really hot immediately prior to testing ie blasting the car up and down the road before they put the probe in the exhaust pipe. but if you have to wait a few minutes for the retest, it'll cool down-even if you leave it idling.
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