The main problem with the air quality isn't CO2, it's oxides of nitrogen, NOx and tiny particles of carbon. Euro regulations have tightened up on carbon/soot emissions via the diesel particle filter. Oxides of nitrogen, NOx figures are very much tightened with Euro 6 and Selective Cationic reduction technologies. Hence why the targetting of older diesels pre-Euro 4, which are very "dirty" and NOx emissive compared to the latest diesels.
The regs won't go away with Brexit, imagine if they did we'd be back to thousands of people dying in great London smogs. They'll be maintained and called something else, depending on what the final exit looks like, obviously we don't know that yet and will not for several years.
I think there were some very big short-sighted errors made several years ago, when we had the dash for diesel tax breaks, governments seemed only to be focused on global warming/climate change back then, which can be directly corrolated with increased carbon di-oxide emissions. We overlooked local air quality in that rush.
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